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Objective: To analyze the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of Vibrio cholerae in Beijing during 2015-2021 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of cholera. Methods: The V. cholerae strains isolated in Beijing during 2015-2021 were analyzed by serotyping and virulence genes detection. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed for the molecular typing of the strains. Based on the collected epidemiological and clinical data of cholera cases,the epidemiological characteristics of cholera were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology method. Results: A total of 76 Vibrio cholerae O1 strains were isolated in Beijing during 2015-2021, including 61 strains from human, 10 strains from environment and 5 strains from seafood. The 76 strains consisted of 68 Ogawa strains and 8 Inaba strains. Six Ogawa strains isolated from sporadic cases carried ctxAB. After NotⅠ digestion, 76 strains were divided into 33 PFGE patterns. From 2015 to 2021, a total of 38 cholera epidemics were reported in Beijing, most of them were sporadic ones, accounting for 92.11% (35/38). A total of 45 cases were reported, and the cases occurred during June-September accounted for 97.78% (44/45). Cholera cases occurred in 9 districts of Beijing, and the cases reported in Chaoyang district accounted for 42.22% (19/45) and in Changping district accounted for 31.11% (14/45). The age of the cholera cases ranged from 19 to 63 years. Except for one case with unknown clinical symptoms, 44 cases had diarrhea symptoms with 84.09% (37/44) of the cases reporting diarrhea (3-9 times/day), followed by yellow watery stool (95.45%, 42/44), abdominal pain (68.18%, 30/44), nausea and vomiting (40.91%, 18/44) and fever (36.36%, 16/44). Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae strains isolated in Beijing during 2015-2021 were mainly O1 serotype Ogawa,most of which were non-toxigenic. The PFGE of the strains varied. Cholera epidemics occurred in 9 districts of Beijing, but most were sporadic ones with incidence peak during June-September.
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Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Beijing/epidemiology , Cholera/epidemiology , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Vibrio cholerae O1/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the status and health risk assessment of dietary fipronil contamination among 20 provinces of China.@*Methods@#A total of 13 kinds of dietary samples in Chinese total diet study include cereals, legumes, potatoes, meats, eggs, aquatics, dairies, vegetables, fruits, sugars, beverages and water, alcohols, condiments and their corresponding products. Among them, condiments were used in the preparation of 12 other sample categories; thus, the actual mixed dietary samples of each province covered 12 groups. A total of 240 mixed dietary samples were collected from 20 provinces in China from 2009 to 2013. After the sample extraction and cleanup, dietary samples were analyzed for the residues of fipronil and its metabolites to obtain the contamination levels of fipronil residues using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The dietary intake of adult residents was estimated based on food consumption of general population of China.@*Results@#Among the 240 dietary samples, the detection rate of fipronil was 10.4% (25 samples), and the detection rates of fipronil metabolites, i.e. fipronil desulfinyl, fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide were 20.4% (49 samples), 40.0% (96 samples) and 8.8% (21 samples), respectively. According to the dietary exposure analysis, the average lower and upper dietary exposure levels of fipronil residues in adult residents of China were 11.34 and 12.35 ng·kg-1·d-1, accounting for 5.7% and 6.2% of acceptable daily intake (ADI), respectively. The highest adult dietary intake of fipronil residues was found in Hunan province, with a value of 72.98 ng·kg-1·d-1, accounting for 36.5% of ADI. Vegetables were the main dietary source of fipronil residues, which contributed to 71.0% of the total intake dose.@*Conclusion@#Fipronil residues were detected in varying degrees in dietary samples, yet the health risk caused by the dietary intake of adult residents among 20 provinces of China is low.
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Objective To analyze the pathogenic surveillance programs and related factors on bacillary dysentery in Beijing,2008-2017,to provide evidence for the practices of diagnosis,treatment and prevention of the disease.Methods Analysis was conducted on surveillance data of bacillary dysentery,collected from the surveillance areas of national bacillary dysentery in Beijing.Shigella positive rate of stool samples were used as the gold standard while detection rate of Shigella,diagnostic accordance rate and resistance were computed on data from the surveillance programs.Chi-square test was used to compare the rates and unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of Shigella infection.Results Both the reported incidence rate on bacillary dysentery and detection rate of Shigella in diarrhea patients showed significantly decreasing trend,from 2008 to 2017.The accordance rate of bacillary dysentery was only 7.80％ (111/1 423).Shigella sonnei was the most frequently isolated strain (73.95％,159/215) followed by Shigella flexnery.Results from the multivariate logistic regression of Shigella positive rate revealed that among those patients who were routine test of stool positive vs.routine test of stool positive (OR=1.863,95％CI:1.402-2.475),onset from July to October vs.other months' time (OR=7.271,95％CI:4.514-11.709) temperature ≥38 ℃ vs.temperature ＜38 ℃ (OR=4.516,95％CI:3.369-6.053) and age from 6 to 59 years old vs.other ages (OR =1.617,95 ％ CI:1.085-2.410),presenting higher positive detection rates of Shigella from the stool tests.The resistant rates on ampicillin and nalidixic acid were 97.57％ (201/206) and 94.90％ (186/196),both higher than on other antibiotics.The resistant rates on ciprofloxacin (16.33％,32/196),ofloxacin (9.57％,11/115) and on amoxilin (15.05％,31/206) were relatively low.The resistant rate appeared higher on Shigellaflexnery than on Shigella sonnei.The proportion of strains with resistance on 3 more drugs,was 30.00％ (21/70).Conclusions The diagnostic accordance rate of bacillary dysentery in Beijing was low,with severe resistance of Shigella.Our findings suggested that clinicians should take multiple factors into account in their practices about epidemiological history,clinical symptom and testing results for diarrhea patients.
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Objective To analyze the pathogenic surveillance programs and related factors on bacillary dysentery in Beijing,2008-2017,to provide evidence for the practices of diagnosis,treatment and prevention of the disease.Methods Analysis was conducted on surveillance data of bacillary dysentery,collected from the surveillance areas of national bacillary dysentery in Beijing.Shigella positive rate of stool samples were used as the gold standard while detection rate of Shigella,diagnostic accordance rate and resistance were computed on data from the surveillance programs.Chi-square test was used to compare the rates and unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of Shigella infection.Results Both the reported incidence rate on bacillary dysentery and detection rate of Shigella in diarrhea patients showed significantly decreasing trend,from 2008 to 2017.The accordance rate of bacillary dysentery was only 7.80％ (111/1 423).Shigella sonnei was the most frequently isolated strain (73.95％,159/215) followed by Shigella flexnery.Results from the multivariate logistic regression of Shigella positive rate revealed that among those patients who were routine test of stool positive vs.routine test of stool positive (OR=1.863,95％CI:1.402-2.475),onset from July to October vs.other months' time (OR=7.271,95％CI:4.514-11.709) temperature ≥38 ℃ vs.temperature ＜38 ℃ (OR=4.516,95％CI:3.369-6.053) and age from 6 to 59 years old vs.other ages (OR =1.617,95 ％ CI:1.085-2.410),presenting higher positive detection rates of Shigella from the stool tests.The resistant rates on ampicillin and nalidixic acid were 97.57％ (201/206) and 94.90％ (186/196),both higher than on other antibiotics.The resistant rates on ciprofloxacin (16.33％,32/196),ofloxacin (9.57％,11/115) and on amoxilin (15.05％,31/206) were relatively low.The resistant rate appeared higher on Shigellaflexnery than on Shigella sonnei.The proportion of strains with resistance on 3 more drugs,was 30.00％ (21/70).Conclusions The diagnostic accordance rate of bacillary dysentery in Beijing was low,with severe resistance of Shigella.Our findings suggested that clinicians should take multiple factors into account in their practices about epidemiological history,clinical symptom and testing results for diarrhea patients.
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Objective@#To compare the residual distribution of fipronil and its metabolites in white and yellow egg, and to analyze the residual changes of fipronil and its metabolites in raw and cooked samples, regarding the risk assessment of fipronil and its metabolites via consuming egg for different age groups.@*Methods@#The white egg and yellow egg were isolated from 10 egg samples containing fipronil residues. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified, and determined by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The chromatographic analysis was performed on a BEH C18 column with 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase with gradient elution, and external standard calibration was used for quantification. The negative ion acquisition mode was applied and quantitative analysis was carried out by using Full Scan/ddms2 model.@*Results@#The results showed that fipronil sulfone was the main residue detected in eggs; The content of fipronil sulfone in white egg was between 2.5 and 59.9 μg/kg, the median was 16.1 μg/kg; and the content of fipronil sulfone in yellow egg ranged from 81.5 and 1 526.0 μg/kg, with a median of 390.0 μg/kg. The ratio of fipronil sulfone in yellow egg to white egg ranged from 8.0 and 14.6. Compared with that observed in fresh egg, after heating or cooking, the content ratio of fipronil sulfone residue between cooked samples and raw samples from yellow egg was between 0.80 and 0.96, the median was 0.90; and the ratio from white egg ranged from 0.65 to 1.06, the median was 0.83. The conversion coefficient of fipronil sulfone (f) between white egg and yellow egg was 3.1.@*Conclusion@#Yellow egg is a major intake source of fipronil and metabolites residues, and there is no obvious change for fipronil sulfone residue in eggs after heating or cooking. The conversion coefficient of fipronil sulfone (f) between white egg and yellow egg lays the foundation for assessing the health risks of fipronil and metabolites residues through yellow egg intake in special population.
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Objective@#To investigate the contamination levels and dietary intakes of seven mycotoxins in Chinese diets.@*Methods@#In Chinese Total Diet Study, food aggregation was based on the food consumption of local residents, thus generating the sampling scheme. According to the sampling scheme, the food items were sampled at three survey points in each province and then mixed in the same proportion. The mixed dietary samples were prepared after being cooked and processed. The samples comprised of 13 categories of food: cereals, beans, potatoes, meat, eggs, aquatic products, milk, vegetables, fruits, saccharides, beverages and drinking water, alcohol, and condiments. Condiments were used in cooking, so there were in total 12 varieties of samples for determination. Altogether, the study included 240 mixed dietary samples from 20 provinces with 12 varieties. The contamination levels of the seven mycotoxins, including sterigmatocystin (SMC), citrinin (CIT), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), moniliformin (MON), gliotoxin (GLIO), mycophenolateacid (MPA) and verruculogen (Verru), were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS method, and dietary intakes of residents were estimated as well.@*Results@#Among the detected seven mycotoxins, MPA,GLIO and Verru were not detected. The content range of CPA in beans was 0.47-1.57 μg/kg and in alcohol was 0.19-2.26 μg/kg, and the detection rate of CPA was 7.1% (17/240). The content of SMC in aquatic products of Guangxi, in saccharides of Beijing, and in beverages of Liaoning was 2.88 μg/kg, 0.01 μg/kg, and 0.53 μg/kg, respectively. The content range of SMC in aquatic products was 0.70-1.76 μg/kg, and the detection rate was 2.9% (7/240). In addition, the content of CIT in fruit of Sichuan was 5.31 μg/kg, and the content of MON in milk of Jilin was 3.60 μg/kg. According to the dietary exposure analysis, the exposure levels of the seven mycotoxins in China's general population were low. MPA, GLIO and Verru were not detected, and the exposure range of the other four mycotoxins were 0.000-8.132 (CIT), 0.000-27.448 (SMC), 0.000-3.026 (CPA), and 0.000-62.847 ng·kg-1·d-1 (MON), respectively.@*Conclusion@#In the detected seven mycotoxins, CPA, SMC, CIT and MON were detected only in the individual diet in some areas with a low dietary exposure level. However, the contamination level of CPA in alcohol merits attention.
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Objective To investigate the effects of exogenous glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)on colon glial cells in slow transit constipation (STC ) rats,and to explore the optimal concentration of GDNF in order to provide evidence for intestinal neurotrophic therapy in the treatment of STC.Methods A total of 132 SD rats were divided into STC group and control group,66 rats in each group.STC rats were established by feeding with rhubarb.Six rats were randomly selected from either groups to verify whether STC model was successfully established.And the left 120 rats of two groups were randomly divided into six subgroups:STC group one to group six and control group one to group six,ten rats in each group,which were untreated,injected through tail vein with saline,and 0.001 ,0.010, 0.050,0.100 μg/L GDNF 2 mL respectively for one week.The expression of Sox-8 at protein level of either group were detected by Western blotting.Independent sample t test was performed for statistical analysis.Results After treated with 0.001 μg/L GDNF (STC group three),there was no significant difference in expression level of Sox-8 between STC group three and STC group one (13.38 ±0.70 vs 13.39±0.45 ,t = 0.042,P = 0.969 ).After treated with 0.010 μg/L GDNF (STC group four),the difference in expression level of Sox-8 between STC group four and STC group three was significant (21 .11 ±2.56 vs 13.38±0.70,t=5 .040,P <0.01).After treated with 0.050 μg/mL GDNF (STC group five),the expression level of Sox-8 was higher than that in STC group four (31.86±1.57 vs 21.11±2.56,t=-6.198,P <0.01 ).The Sox-8 expression of untreated,saline treated,0.001 and 0.050 μg/L GDNF treated STC rats (STC group one,two,three and five)were lower than those of the corresponding control groups (t= 3.394,12.103,10.302,- 6.120,all P < 0.05 ).Conclusion Exogenous GDNF could increase Sox-8 expression in colon tissue of STC rats,an increase in the number of colon glial cells could repair enteric nervous system,and 0.050 μg/L was the optimal concentration.
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Objective To understand the distribution of virulence gene and the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia(E.) coli (DEC) from diarrheal patients in Beijing. Methods Stool specimens from diarrheal patients were cultured which were collected from the hospitals under sentinel surveillance program,during 2012-2013. DNA was examined by real-time PCR. Results 253 out of 6 370 specimens were positive for DEC detection with the rate as 4.0%. A total number of 262 DEC strains were isolated. Two different pathotypes of DEC strains with mixed infection,were isolated from 9 specimens. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles:42.8% for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) including 42.0% atypical and 0.8% typical;38.9% for enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC)including 24.8%st positive,9.9%lt positive and 4.2%st and lt both positive;15.3% for enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC);2.7% for enteroinvasive E. coli(EIEC);one strain STEC with serotype O26 ∶ K60. ETEC had obvious characteristics on age. All kinds of DEC were isolated throughout the year with seasonal fluctuation. Conclusion DEC isolates from diarrheal patients in Beijing were dominated by EPEC and ETEC,with atypical ones accounted for the majority of EPEC. One specimen was found under mixed infection. Pathotypes DEC were found to have different age and seasonal distributions.
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Objective To understand the distribution of virulence gene and the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia(E.) coli (DEC) from diarrheal patients in Beijing. Methods Stool specimens from diarrheal patients were cultured which were collected from the hospitals under sentinel surveillance program,during 2012-2013. DNA was examined by real-time PCR. Results 253 out of 6 370 specimens were positive for DEC detection with the rate as 4.0%. A total number of 262 DEC strains were isolated. Two different pathotypes of DEC strains with mixed infection,were isolated from 9 specimens. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles:42.8% for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) including 42.0% atypical and 0.8% typical;38.9% for enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC)including 24.8%st positive,9.9%lt positive and 4.2%st and lt both positive;15.3% for enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC);2.7% for enteroinvasive E. coli(EIEC);one strain STEC with serotype O26 ∶ K60. ETEC had obvious characteristics on age. All kinds of DEC were isolated throughout the year with seasonal fluctuation. Conclusion DEC isolates from diarrheal patients in Beijing were dominated by EPEC and ETEC,with atypical ones accounted for the majority of EPEC. One specimen was found under mixed infection. Pathotypes DEC were found to have different age and seasonal distributions.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the distribution of virulence gene and the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia(E.) coli (DEC) from diarrheal patients in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Stool specimens from diarrheal patients were cultured which were collected from the hospitals under sentinel surveillance program, during 2012-2013. DNA was examined by real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>253 out of 6 370 specimens were positive for DEC detection with the rate as 4.0%. A total number of 262 DEC strains were isolated. Two different pathotypes of DEC strains with mixed infection, were isolated from 9 specimens. Different pathotypes would show the following profiles: 42.8% for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) including 42.0% atypical and 0.8% typical; 38.9% for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) including 24.8% st positive, 9.9% lt positive and 4.2% st and lt both positive;15.3% for enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC);2.7% for enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC); one strain STEC with serotype O26:K60. ETEC had obvious characteristics on age. All kinds of DEC were isolated throughout the year with seasonal fluctuation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DEC isolates from diarrheal patients in Beijing were dominated by EPEC and ETEC, with atypical ones accounted for the majority of EPEC. One specimen was found under mixed infection. Pathotypes DEC were found to have different age and seasonal distributions.</p>